2021考研英语一冲刺新题型模拟试题练习2
2021考研英语一冲刺新题型模拟试题练习2
考研冲刺阶段最不可缺少的就是临场模拟，不仅要适应考场的紧张气氛，还要进行查漏补缺。因此，大家在做模拟训练时，一定要把控好时间，在合适的时间段内，把控好正确率，从而对自己做一个考前评估!当然，模拟训练本身并不是很重要，毕竟不是真实的考试，主要是从模拟训练中发现自己的不足，从而填补自己不完整的脑海的思维导图，争取在进考场前达到十足的把握!
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41~45,
you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing
from the list A~G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs B and E
have been correctly placed. Make your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
[A] Macnamara concluded that practice is less of a driver. “Once you get to
the highly skilled groups, practice stops accounting for the difference.
Everyone has practiced a lot and other factors are at play in determining who
goes on to that super-elite level,” she said, “The factors depend on the skill
being learned: in chess it could be intelligence or working memory, in sport it
may be how efficiently a person uses oxygen. To complicate matters further, one
factor can drive another. A child who enjoys playing the violin, for example,
may be happy to practice and be focused on the task because they do not see it
as a chore.”
[B] The impact of this article—which shifted the narrative about the
origins of expertise away from any important role for genes or stable abilities
and towards the importance of practice and training—is difficult to overstate.
Cited over 9000 times, it is one of the most referenced articles in the
psychological literature. Moreover, the deliberate practice view gained
substantial attention outside of the academic literature, inspiring numerous
popular books including Geoff Colvin’s Talent Is Overrated and Malcolm
Gladwell’s Outliers, where Gladwell described the now famous ‘10,000 hours
rule’, i.e. with 10,000 hours of deliberate practice, one becomes an expert. It
seems fair to say that no single article has had a greater impact on scientific
and popular views of expertise than Ericsson et al.
[C] The mystery of how people acquire expertise in complex domains such as
music, sports and science has long been of interest to psychologists. In 1993,
in their classic article, Ericsson, Krampe and Tesch-Römer introduced the highly
influential deliberate practice view in an attempt to answer this question. They
posited that individual differences, even among elite performers, are closely
related to assessed amounts of deliberate practice—activities designed to
improve performance.
[D] “There is no doubt that deliberate practice is important, from both a
statistical and a theoretical perspective. It is just less important than has
been argued,” says Macnamara. “For scientists, the important question now is,
what else matters?”
[E] Macnamara and her colleagues repeated part of the 1993 study to see
whether they reached the same conclusions. They interviewed three groups of 13
violinists rated as best, good, or less accomplished about their practice
habits, before having them complete daily diaries of their activities over a
week. While the less skillful violinists clocked up an average of about 6,000
hours of practice by the age of 20, there was little to separate the good from
the best musicians, with each logging an average of about 11,000 hours. In all,
the number of hours spent practicing accounted for about a quarter of the skills
difference across the three groups.
[F] However, a new study, from psychological scientist Brooke Macnamara,
with colleagues David Z. Hambrick of Michigan State University and Frederick
Oswald of Rice University, offers a counterpoint to Ericsson’s view, suggesting
that the amount of practice accumulated over time does not seem to play a huge
role in accounting for individual differences in skill or performance.
“Deliberate practice is unquestionably important, but not nearly as important as
proponents of the view have claimed.” says Macnamara.
[G] To answer that question, the researchers are planning another
meta-analysis focused specifically on practice and sports in order to better
understand the role of these and other factors. And, Macnamara and her
colleagues speculate that the age at which a person becomes involved in an
activity may matter, and that certain cognitive abilities such as working memory
may also play an influential role.
【答案】GADBF
【解析】
第一步：读首段，知主题：在如何预防婴儿花生、鸡蛋等制品过敏的问题上，官方改变了对家长的建议。
第二步：读选项，找线索，圈画出衔接标志词：指示代词;逻辑关系词衔接;时间、地点、数字衔接。如下所示：
[A] Another trial, known as EAT (Enquiring About Tolerance), published in
2016, found that after parents carefully followed a protocol to begin feeding
peanut protein, eggs and four other allergenic foods to healthy, breastfed
infants between three and six months of age, the babies had a 67 percent lower
prevalence of food allergies at age three than did a control group.
[B] “Parents are eating these foods, then touching or kissing their
babies,” Lack suggests, “and the molecules penetrate through the skin.”
[C] Egg allergies also fell, but the AAP is waiting for more data on eggs,
says Scott Sicherer, a professor of pediatrics, allergy and immunology at the
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and an author of the April report. “We
don’t want to tell people to do something where there isn’t really good
evidence.”
[D] His theory—“dual allergen exposure hypothesis”—holds that we become
tolerant to foods by introducing them orally to the gut immune system.
[E] In EAT, parents had to get their babies to swallow at least four grams
per week of each of the allergenic edibles, and many found it to be
challenging.
[F] Researchers are examining whether applying barrier creams such as
CeraVe can help stave off food allergies.
[G] But in 2008 AAP dropped that guidance, after studies showed it did not
help. And in its latest report, issued in April, the AAP completed the
reversal—at least where peanuts are concerned.
第三步：回空格前后寻找衔接标志，标注出衔接词如下。再利用选项中鲜明的衔接标志匹配答案。
In 2007, the standard recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics
(AAP) to new parents worried about their child developing an allergy to peanuts,
eggs or other common dietary allergens was to avoid those items like the plague
until the child was two or three years old. 41. It recommended that high-risk
children be systematically fed “infant-safe” peanut products as early as four to
six months of age to prevent this common and sometimes life-threatening
allergy.
These are not casual changes. They match advice from a federal panel of
experts and reflect the results of large randomized studies—with the inevitable
cute acronyms. One called LEAP (Learning Early About Peanut Allergy), published
in 2015, found that feeding peanut products to high-risk infants between four
and 11 months old led to an 81 percent lower rate of peanut allergy at age five,
compared with similar babies who were not given that early exposure. 42. The
results were strongest for peanuts, where the allergy rate fell to zero,
compared with 2.5 percent in the control group.
Gideon Lack, a professor of pediatric allergy at King’s College London and
senior author of both LEAP and EAT, proposed a leading theory about how these
allergies develop and the role of eczema. 43. In contrast, if a child’s first
exposure is through food molecules that enter through eczema-damaged skin, those
molecules can instigate an allergic response. Research with mice strongly
supports this idea, whereas in humans the evidence is more circumstantial.
Lack points out that peanut allergy is more prevalent in countries where
peanuts or peanut butter is popular and widespread in the environment, mustard
seed allergy is common in mustard-loving France and buckwheat allergy occurs in
soba-loving Japan. 44.
A modern emphasis on hygiene may also contribute, Lack notes: “We bathe
infants and shower young children all the time, very often once a day or more,
which you could argue breaks down the skin barrier.” 45.
Early dietary exposure is now the confirmed preventive strategy for peanuts
and, pending more research, perhaps the other foods, although this is more
easily said than done.
41题空前有明显的时间标志：In 2007，G项有同样明显的时间标志：in 2008;且41题空前American Academy of
Pediatrics (AAP)与G项AAP形成复现关系。故41题答案为G项。
42题空前one与A项Another形成表示并列关系的固定搭配词组;且42题空后The
results暗示42题空中会提到某个实验或研究，由此推测答案为A项。
43题空前Gideon Lack和a leading theory与D项His theory形成指代关系和原词复现，难度较小，答案为D项。
44题空前有三个相似句型，需重点注意，提到大量食物，与B项these food构成指代关系，由此推测答案为B项。
45题空前无明显衔接词，但是F项中的barrier creams与45题空前的skin barrier形成原词复现，推测答案为F项。
第四步：通读全文，检查一致性和连贯性。
【参考译文】
2007年，对那些担心自己的孩子对花生、鸡蛋或其他常见饮食过敏物过敏的新父母来说，美国儿科学会(AAP)的标准建议是，在孩子两三岁之前要像避瘟疫一样躲避这些食物。41.但在2008年，AAP放弃了这一指导，因为研究表明它丝毫没有起到作用。在其4月发布的最新报告中，AAP的指导发生了大反转——至少在涉及花生的情况中是这样的。该学会建议高危儿童应早在4到6个月大时就系统食用
“婴儿安全”花生类产品，以防止这种常见的、有时危及生命的过敏反应。
这些不是偶然的变化。这与来自联邦专家小组的建议相符，并反映了大型随机研究的结果。这些研究名称的首字母缩略词总是会很可爱。2015年发表的一项名为LEAP(早早了解花生过敏)的研究发现，与早期没有喂食过敏食物的高危婴儿相比，给4到11个月大的高危婴儿喂食花生产品会使其在5岁时花生过敏的机率降低81%。42.2016年发布的另一项名为EAT(询问耐受性)的试验发现，父母认真遵循协议，开始给3到6个月大的健康的、母乳喂养的婴儿喂食花生蛋白、鸡蛋和其他四种过敏性食物后，婴儿在三岁时的食物过敏患病率比对照组降低了67%。花生组的试验效果最明显，花生过敏的几率降至零，而对照组的过敏几率为2.5%。
Gideon
Lack是伦敦国王学院儿科过敏学教授，也是LEAP和EAT两项研究报告的第一作者。他提出了有关这些过敏反应如何发展以及湿疹作用的领先理论。43.他的理论是“双重过敏原接触假说”，认为我们通过口服让食物进入肠道免疫系统，从而能够对他们产生耐受性。相反，如果孩子第一次接触的过敏食物是通过湿疹受损皮肤进入的食物分子，这些分子则会引起过敏反应。通过对小白鼠的研究有力地证明了这一观点，而在对人类的研究中这一证据更为间接。
Lack指出，花生过敏在一些花生或花生黄油很受欢迎并广泛食用的国家更常见。芥末籽过敏在爱吃芥末的法国很常见，荞麦过敏则发生在爱吃荞麦面的日本。44.Lack表示：“父母吃这些食物，然后抚摸或亲吻他们的婴儿，这些食物分子就会渗透到皮肤中。”
现代人对卫生的重视也可能有所影响，Lack指出：“我们一直为婴儿和小孩洗澡，常常一天一次或多次，这可能会破坏皮肤屏障。”45.研究人员正在研究使用像CeraVe这样的隔离霜是否可以帮助避免食物过敏。
如今，早期喂养过敏食物已被证实可以作为花生过敏的预防策略，但还需要更多研究来验证也许其他食物也适用早期喂养预防过敏策略，尽管这说起来容易做起来难。
以上是考研小编为大家整理的”2021考研英语一冲刺新题型模拟试题练习2(附答案详解)”，考研小编祝大家每天坚持复习，来年迎来一个理想的成绩，相关问题尽在考研考研英语模拟试题频道~
.xqy_container .xqy_core .xqy_core_main .xqy_core_text{height:auto !important;}
2021考研英语一冲刺新题型模拟试题练习2